Woman: Difference between revisions
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imported>GutenMorganism (→Nonbinary women: updated because Rebecca Sugar doesn't see herself as a woman but doesn't mind being seen that way, and that is why she calls herself a nonbinary woman. So not all nonbinary women feel associated with femininity intrinsically.) |
imported>TXJ m (→Symbol) |
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[[File:Venus symbol.svg|thumb|200px|The Venus symbol or female [[gender symbols|gender symbol]].]] | [[File:Venus symbol.svg|thumb|200px|The Venus symbol or female [[gender symbols|gender symbol]].]] | ||
The glyph (♀) for the planet and Roman goddess Venus, or Aphrodite in Greek, is the symbol used in biology, geneaology, and some restroom signs for female.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Fadu|editor1-first=Jose A.|title=Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling|date=2014|publisher=LuLu Press|page=337|isbn=978-1312078369}}</ref><ref name=Stearn1962>{{cite journal|author=Stearn, William T.|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=May 1962|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|issn=0040-0262|accessdate=19 July 2019|jstor=1217734|author-link=William T. Stearn}}</ref><ref name=Schott2005>{{cite journal|last1=Schott|first1=GD|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/331/7531/1509.full.pdf|journal=[[The BMJ]]|date=December 2005|volume=331|issue=7531|pages=1509–10|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509|pmid=16373733|pmc=1322246|issn=0959-8138|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> In ancient alchemy, the Venus symbol stood for copper, and was associated with femininity.<ref name=Schott2005 /> | The glyph (♀) for the planet and Roman goddess Venus, or Aphrodite in Greek, is the symbol used in biology, geneaology, and some [[Public restrooms|restroom signs]] for female.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Fadu|editor1-first=Jose A.|title=Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling|date=2014|publisher=LuLu Press|page=337|isbn=978-1312078369}}</ref><ref name=Stearn1962>{{cite journal|author=Stearn, William T.|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=May 1962|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|issn=0040-0262|accessdate=19 July 2019|jstor=1217734|author-link=William T. Stearn}}</ref><ref name=Schott2005>{{cite journal|last1=Schott|first1=GD|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/331/7531/1509.full.pdf|journal=[[The BMJ]]|date=December 2005|volume=331|issue=7531|pages=1509–10|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509|pmid=16373733|pmc=1322246|issn=0959-8138|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> In ancient alchemy, the Venus symbol stood for copper, and was associated with femininity.<ref name=Schott2005 /> | ||
This comes from a set of symbols that were first used to denote the effective sex of plants (i.e. sex of individual in a given crossbreed, since most plants are hermaphroditic) by naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1751.<ref name= Stearn>{{cite journal|last=Stearn|first=William T.|s2cid=87030547|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|journal=Taxon|date=May 1962 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=109–113 |jstor=1217734 |doi=10.2307/1217734 |quote= The origin of these symbols has long been of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of Scaliger that {{char|♂}} represents the shield and spear of Mars and {{char|♀}} Venus's looking glass.}}</ref> The male and female symbols are still used in scientific publications to indicate the sex of an individual, for example of a patient.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhigang |first=Zhigang |date=25 September 2009 |title=A HIV-1 heterosexual transmission chain in Guangzhou, China: a molecular epidemiological study |journal=Virology Journal |publisher=BioMed Central |volume=6 |issue=148 |pages=Figure 1 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-148 |pmid=19778458 |pmc=2761389 |quote=(Mars male gender symbol) indicates male; (female Venus gender symbol) indicates female|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Joseph Justus Scaliger speculated that the male symbol is associated with the Mars, god of war because it resembles a shield and spear; and that the female symbol is associated with Venus, goddess of beauty because it resembles a bronze mirror with a handle.<ref>{{Citation|last=Taylor|first=Robert B.|chapter=Now and Future Tales|date=2016 |pages=293–310 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-29053-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29055-3_12 |title=White Coat Tales}}</ref> Later scholars dismiss this as fanciful,<ref name=Stearn />The visual equivalent of a backronym, preferring "the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683) that these symbols [...] are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of the planets".<ref name=Stearn />''Thouros'' (Mars) was abbreviated as θρ, and ''Phosphoros'' (Venus) by Φ, in handwriting.<ref>H W Renkema, ''Oorsprong, beteekenis en toepassing van de in de botanie gebuikelijke teekens ter aanduiding van het geslacht en den levensduur'', in: Jeswiet J, ed., ''Gedenkboek J Valckenier Suringar. Wageningen: Nederlandsche Dendrologische Vereeniging'', 1942: 96-108.</ref><ref name=Stearn /> | This comes from a set of symbols that were first used to denote the effective sex of plants (i.e. sex of individual in a given crossbreed, since most plants are hermaphroditic) by naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1751.<ref name= Stearn>{{cite journal|last=Stearn|first=William T.|s2cid=87030547|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|journal=Taxon|date=May 1962 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=109–113 |jstor=1217734 |doi=10.2307/1217734 |quote= The origin of these symbols has long been of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of Scaliger that {{char|♂}} represents the shield and spear of Mars and {{char|♀}} Venus's looking glass.}}</ref> The male and female symbols are still used in scientific publications to indicate the sex of an individual, for example of a patient.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhigang |first=Zhigang |date=25 September 2009 |title=A HIV-1 heterosexual transmission chain in Guangzhou, China: a molecular epidemiological study |journal=Virology Journal |publisher=BioMed Central |volume=6 |issue=148 |pages=Figure 1 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-148 |pmid=19778458 |pmc=2761389 |quote=(Mars male gender symbol) indicates male; (female Venus gender symbol) indicates female|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Joseph Justus Scaliger speculated that the male symbol is associated with the Mars, god of war because it resembles a shield and spear; and that the female symbol is associated with Venus, goddess of beauty because it resembles a bronze mirror with a handle.<ref>{{Citation|last=Taylor|first=Robert B.|chapter=Now and Future Tales|date=2016 |pages=293–310 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-29053-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29055-3_12 |title=White Coat Tales}}</ref> Later scholars dismiss this as fanciful,<ref name=Stearn />The visual equivalent of a backronym, preferring "the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683) that these symbols [...] are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of the planets".<ref name=Stearn />''Thouros'' (Mars) was abbreviated as θρ, and ''Phosphoros'' (Venus) by Φ, in handwriting.<ref>H W Renkema, ''Oorsprong, beteekenis en toepassing van de in de botanie gebuikelijke teekens ter aanduiding van het geslacht en den levensduur'', in: Jeswiet J, ed., ''Gedenkboek J Valckenier Suringar. Wageningen: Nederlandsche Dendrologische Vereeniging'', 1942: 96-108.</ref><ref name=Stearn /> | ||
{{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||
== Cisgender women == | == Cisgender women == | ||
Cisgender women are women who were assigned female at birth (or were born with certain [[intersex]] conditions), and who have a female gender identity. [[Cisgender]] (from Latin ''cis'' "same side of" + "gender", this word was "coined in 1995 by a transsexual man named Carl Buijs"<ref>Julia Serano, "Whipping Girl FAQ on cissexual, cisgender, and cis privilege." 2009-05-14. [http://juliaserano.blogspot.com/2011/08/whipping-girl-faq-on-cissexual.html]</ref>) means "not transgender," as they don't [[transition]] to female from some other gender. | Cisgender women are women who were assigned female at birth (or were born with certain [[intersex]] conditions), and who have a female gender identity. [[Cisgender]] (from Latin ''cis'' "same side of" + "gender", this word was "coined in 1995 by a transsexual man named Carl Buijs"<ref>Julia Serano, "Whipping Girl FAQ on cissexual, cisgender, and cis privilege." 2009-05-14. [http://juliaserano.blogspot.com/2011/08/whipping-girl-faq-on-cissexual.html]</ref>) means "not transgender," as they don't [[transition]] to female from some other gender. | ||